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Where good-bad analysis cannot be used due to a lack of default data, the ‘shadow-bond method’ offers a less robust but statistically valid alternative. Here the ability of financial factors to predict default is modelled by measuring their ability to predict external rating agency default rates.
More than ten years after the roll-out of Basel 2, many lending intuitions in Canada are still using the Standardized Approach (SA) for regulagtory reporting. As a consequence, reporting institutions are either setting aside disproportionately higher capital for their loan book, are engaged in regulatory arbitrage by issuing residential real estate loans or are involved in "originate-to-distribute" lending. All of these aofre-mentioned consequcnes contrinute to higher systemic risk.
We know that cyber threats continue to evolve and pose increasingly significant risks to organizations. We also know that the impact of cyber-attacks extends beyond direct financial consequences. Cyber incidents can lead to serious service disruptions, reputational damage, and share price deterioration, along with the potential for fines and litigation.